Effects of Local Anesthetics With Vasoconstrictors on Dental Pulp Blood Flow and Oxygen Tension.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) and pulpal oxygen tension (PpulpO2) after injecting local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, male Japanese White rabbits were injected with 0.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine (LE) or 3% propitocaine (prilocaine) with 0.03 IU felypressin (PF) at the apical area of the lower incisor. RESULTS: Relative to baseline, PBF and PpulpO2 significantly decreased 5 minutes after LE or PF injection as compared with saline. The decrease in PBF was significantly lower in the LE group than in the PF group. Although the LE group had a larger decrease in PpulpO2 relative to baseline than the PF group did, that difference was not significant. PBF and PpulpO2 recovered to baseline faster in the PF group than in the LE group. CONCLUSION: The injection of local anesthetic solutions containing vasoconstrictors (LE or PF) transiently caused significant decreases in PBF that resulted in significant decreases in PpulpO2. The recovery of PpulpO2 was faster than PBF regardless of the vasoconstrictor used.

Comparison of two vasoconstrictors on glycemic levels in diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate glycemic levels in diabetic patients before, during, and after extractions using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (Lido/Epi) and 3% prilocaine with 0.03 IU/mL felypressin (Prilo/Fely). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate changes in body parameters and glycemic levels in diabetic patients undergoing two anesthetic protocols during dental extractions. During surgery, we evaluated blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), saturation (SpO2), and capillary glycemic levels (Gly). These parameters were measured at the following surgical moments: basal, 30 min after medication, incision, tooth removal, suture, and 30 and 60 min after anesthesia. RESULTS: Data analysis showed no differences between the groups considering age, weight, and time spent in surgery. Increased systolic BP and decreased diastolic BP were observed in the lido/epi group. No difference was observed in the prilo/fely group among the surgical moments or between the groups regarding BP. No difference was observed in HR and SpO2 between the groups at any surgical moment. However, differences were found when compared the differences in glycemic and basal levels in both groups with greater decreases in blood glucose values for the lido/epi group. In anxiety level evaluation, there was no difference between the different surgical moments. CONCLUSION: Thus, both lido/epi and prilo/fely (maximum 3.6 mL) can be safely used in controlled diabetic patients CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of lidocaine associated with epinephrine did not increase glycemic levels but leads to decrease over time when associated with an anxiety reduction protocol, offering some advantage over prilocaine plus felypressin for diabetic patients.

Passive Cigarette Smoking Impact on Blood Pressure Response to Epinephrine and Felypressin in 1K1C Hypertensive Rats Treated or not with Atenolol / Impacto do Tabagismo Passivo na Resposta Pressórica à Epinefrina e Felipressina em Ratos Hipertensos 1K1C Tratados ou não com Atenolol

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoking is usually associated with hypertension and may modify vasoconstrictor response. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze and compare the interaction of passive cigarette smoking and hypertension on epinephrine and felypressin blood pressure effects after intravascular injection. Method: 45-day male Wistar rats had the main left renal artery partially constricted and the right kidney removed (1K1C model). Rats were placed in the chamber for exposition to passive cigarette smoking (10 cigarettes) during 10 min (6 days a week). Hypertensive rats received atenolol (90 mg/kg/day) by gavage for two weeks. Hypotensive and hypertensive response, response duration and heart rate were recorded from direct blood pressure values. The significance level was 5%. Results: Passive cigarette smoking increased maximal hypertensive response to epinephrine in normotensive and 1K1C-atenolol treated rats and to felypressin only in 1K1C-atenolol treated rats; it also reduced epinephrine hypotensive response. Epinephrine increased heart rate in normotensive and hypertensive passive smokers or non-smoker rats. Comparing the two vasoconstrictors, epinephrine showed greater hypertensive response in normotensive smokers, 1K1C-atenolol treated smokers and non-smokers. However, in normotensive-nonsmoker rats, felypressin showed a greater and longer hypertensive effect. Conclusions: Our results suggest that passive cigarette smoking may reduce epinephrine vasodilation and increase hypertensive response when compared to felypressin. Therefore, felypressin may be safe for hypertensive patients to avoid tachycardia and atenolol interaction, but for normotensive and non-smoker patients, epinephrine may be safer than felypressin.

Resumo Fundamento: O tabagismo geralmente está associado à hipertensão e pode modificar a resposta vasoconstritora. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar a interação do tabagismo passivo e hipertensão sobre os efeitos da epinefrina e felipressina na pressão arterial após injeção intravascular. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos de 45 dias tiveram a artéria renal principal esquerda parcialmente obstruída e o rim direito removido (modelo 1K1C). Os ratos foram colocados na câmara para exposição ao tabagismo passivo (10 cigarros) durante 10 minutos (6 dias por semana). Ratos hipertensos receberam atenolol (90 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem durante duas semanas. A resposta hipotensora e hipertensiva, a duração da resposta e a frequência cardíaca foram registradas a partir da medida dos valores diretos da pressão arterial. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: O tabagismo passivo aumentou a resposta hipertensiva máxima à epinefrina em ratos normotensos e ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol e à felipressina apenas em ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol; também reduziu a resposta hipotensiva à epinefrina. A epinefrina aumentou a frequência cardíaca em ratos fumantes passivos ou não-fumantes, normotensos e hipertensos. Comparando os dois vasoconstritores, a epinefrina apresentou maior resposta hipertensiva em fumantes normotensos, ratos 1K1C fumantes e não fumantes tratados com atenolol. No entanto, em ratos normotensos e não fumantes, a felipressina apresentou um efeito hipertensivo maior e mais prolongado. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que o tabagismo passivo pode reduzir a vasodilatação da epinefrina e aumentar a resposta hipertensiva quando comparado à felipressina. Portanto, a felipressina pode ser segura para pacientes hipertensos, com o objetivo de evitar a interação entre taquicardia e atenolol, mas para pacientes normotensos e não-fumantes, a epinefrina pode ser mais segura que a felipressina.

Increase in pulse pressure on administration of a dental local anesthetic solution, prilocaine hydrochloride with felypressin in male diabetic patients with coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate pulse pressure fluctuation on dental local anesthetic administration in diabetic patients with and without coronary heart disease undergoing tooth extraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study in diabetic patients undergoing tooth extraction included 33 patients with coronary heart disease (mean age 79.3 ± 7.4, 64% male) and 49 patients without coronary heart disease (mean age 78.6 ± 6.5, 29% male). The increase in pulse pressure before and after administration of local anesthetics was compared between diabetic patients with and without coronary heart disease. RESULTS: Pulse pressure was increased in male diabetic patients with coronary heart disease compared with those without coronary heart disease following administration of 3% prilocaine hydrochloride with felypressin 0.03 IU/mL (prilocaine) (15.6 ± 15.4 mmHg in those with coronary heart disease (n = 11) versus 4.3 ± 10.9 mmHg in those without coronary heart disease (n = 13), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Prilocaine administration increased pulse pressure in male diabetic patients with coronary heart disease compared with those without coronary heart disease. Further study is needed to reveal the mechanisms involved in the increase in pulse pressure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first study of pulse pressure fluctuation in diabetic patients with and without coronary heart disease following administration of local anesthetics. Our findings can help guide the choice of local anesthetics and serve as a predictor of coronary vascular condition in diabetic patients during dental treatment.

Avaliação dos efeitos vasculares e expressão de mRNA de receptores de drogas vasoconstritoras em leito arterial mesentérico de ratos normotensos, diabéticos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um clip (1R-1C) e 1R-1C diabéticos / Vascular reactivity and vasoconstrictor drugs receptors RNAmexpression on mesenteric artery bed of normotensive, diabetic, 1K-1C hypertensive and 1K-1C hypertensive-diabetic rats

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar a reatividade vascular de agentes vasoconstritores presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais (Adrenalina - vasoconstrição e vasodilatação; Felipressina - vasoconstrição), nas doses de 80, 160, 320, 640 e 1280ng (adrenalina) ou 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 x10-3UI (felipressina), em leito arterial mesentérico deratos normotensos, diabéticos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um-clip (1R-1C) e hipertensos1R-1C-diabéticos. E correlacionar tal reatividadecom expressão de RNAm dos receptores 1A e 2- adrenérgicos, V1A para vasopressina e AT1A, AT1Be AT2 para angiotensina II visando verificar se a hipertensão arterial e o diabetes mellitus provocam alteração em modelo indutivo e isogênico. Ratos Wistar pesando 110-160g, foram anestesiados com mistura de quetamina e xilazina (50+10mg/ml/kg de peso), tiveram seu abdômen aberto e receberam um clip de prata com abertura 0,25mm na artéria renal esquerda, removendo-se cirurgicamente o rim direito (ratos 1R-1C). Após 14 dias, receberam injeção subcutânea de estreptozotocina (50 e 60mg/kg de peso) para indução do diabetes mellitus sendo a glicemia testada pela veia caudal previamente aos experimentos (diabéticos). Após 30-42 dias da implantação do clip, todos os grupos foram novamente anestesiados e implantou-se cânula de polietileno (PE-50) na artéria carótida esquerda para registro direto da pressão arterial. Após registro da pressão os animais tiveram a artéria principal mesentérica exposta e canulada. O leito arterial mesentérico foi então isolado e colocado em banho com solução nutritiva de Krebs a 37ºC. O cateter foi conectado ao sistema de registro computadorizado (PowerLab®) utilizando software específico (Chart 5Pro ®). Analisaram-se: a pressão máxima (vasoconstrição) e mínima (vasodilatação), o tempo necessário para atingir esse valor, duração total da resposta, integral e integral sobre a linha de base. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Holm-Sidak (distribuição normal) ou de Mann-Whitney (nãoparamétrico), quando apropriado, nível de significância de 5%. Todas as respostas máximas de vasoconstrição apresentaram comportamento dose-dependente, contudo, para os quatro grupos estudados, a resposta vasoconstritora para adrenalina foi significativamente superior à felipressina (p<0,05). Diabetes e hipertensão reduziram a resposta vasoconstritora da adrenalina e da felipressina, valores de integral sobre a linha de base, respectivamente para grupo controle, diabético, hipertenso e hipertenso-diabético: 2462±465; 1511±236; 2542± 5456 e 3749±819mmHg.s (p<0,05) para adrenalina e 3749 ± 708; 746 ± 103; 1647 ± 422; 1359 ± 591 mmHg.s (p<0,05) para felipressina. Tanto o diabetes quanto a hipertensão, associadas ou não, aumentaram significativamente o tempo para atingir a pressão máxima de vasoconstrição e a duração (p<0,05). As artérias mesentéricas de ratos diabéticos, hipertensos e diabéticos-hipertensos apresentaram expressão significativamente aumentada dos receptores 1Aadrenérgico, AT1B e AT2 para angiotensina II (p<0,05), enquanto receptor AT1A estava com a expressão aumentada apenas nos grupos diabéticos. A expressão do receptor 1A-adrenérgico é discrepante com os achados funcionais, o que pode ser justificado pela fase crônica da doença em que a PCR foi realizada. É possível correlacionar os dados obtidos com a menor atividade vasoconstritora da felipressina observada clinicamente. A maior sensibilidade às moléculas vasoconstritoras pode explicar a maior tendência de pacientes diabéticos desenvolverem hipertensão. A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adrenalina é o vasoconstritor mais potente que a felipressina e ambas as moléculas tem seus efeitos reduzidos em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos, o que reforça a indicação de se utilizar anestésicos locais associados a vasoconstritores nestas populações.(AU)

The main goal of this study wasto evaluate and compare vasoconstrictor agents present in local anesthetic solutions (Epinephrine - vasoconstriction and vasodilation, Felypressin - vasoconstriction) vascular reactivity on mesenteric artery bed of normotensive, diabetic, renal hypertensive one-kidney-one-clip (1K1C) and hypertensive 1K1C diabetic rats. Dosagesstudied were 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280ng (epinephrine) or 0,25; 0,5;1; 2 and 4 x 10-3UI (felypressin). Also, we aimed to correlate artery response with RNAm expression of 1A and 2-adrenoceptors, V1A vasopressin receptor and AT1A, AT1B e AT2 angiotensin receptors, in order to verify if arterial hypertension and diabetes can lead to alterations on a inductive and isogenic model. Wistar male rats weighing 110-160g were anaesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (50+10mg/ml/kg), had their abdominal cavity opened and a silver clipwith 0.25-mm gap was implanted in the main left kidney artery, the right kidney was surgically removed (1K1C-rats). After 14 days, they received a subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin (50 and 60 mg/ml/kg) for inducing diabetes, whereas the glycemia was tested via the tail vein prior to surgery (diabetic rats). Around 30-42 after the clip was implanted, all the groups were anaesthetized again and a polyethylene (PE-50) cannula was implanted on the left carotid artery for direct arterial pressure register. After registering the pressure, the animals had their main mesenteric artery exposed and cannulated. The mesenteric artery bed was then isolated and transferred to a bath with Krebs nutritive solution at 37ºC. The catheter was connected to the computer register system (PowerLab®) using a specific software (Chart 5Pro ®). The following parameters were analyzed: maximum (vasoconstriction) and minimal pressure (vasodilating), the amount of time necessary to achieve this number, total duration of the reaction, integral and integral over baseline. The data was submitted to analysis of variance of repeated measures (ANOVA), followed by a Holm-Sidak (normal distribution) test or Mann Whitney (parametrics) test when suitable, with a significance level of 5%. All maximum vasoconstriction results presented dosage-dependant behavior, however, for the four groups tested, the vasoconstrictive result for epinephrine was significantly superior to felypressin (p<0,05). Diabetes and hypertension significantly reducedepinephrine and felypressin vasoconstrictor responses, integral above baseline, respectively, for control, diabetic, hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic groups:2462±465; 1511±236; 2542± 5456 e 3749±819 mmHg.s (p<0.05, epinephrine) and 3749 ± 708; 746 ± 103; 1647 ± 422; 1359 ± 591 mmHg.s (p<0.05, felypressin). Both diabetes and hypertension, associated or not, significantly increased time necessary to achieve maximum vasoconstrictor response and its duration (p<0,05). Diabetic, hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic mesenteric arteries presented 1A-adrenoceptor, AT1B and AT2 angiotensin II-receptor gene expression significantly increased when compared with control group (p<0,05), while AT1Areceptor presented this pattern only in diabetic groups.1A-adrenoceptor gene expression did not confirm functional data, probably due to chronic disease state in wich PCR was performed. A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adrenalina é o vasoconstritor mais potente que a felipressina e ambas as moléculas tem seus efeitos reduzidos em ratos hipertensos e diabéticos não tratados, o que reforça a indicação de se utilizar anestésicos locais associados a vasoconstritores nestas populações.Its possible to correlate our datawith reducedvasoconstrictor activity of felypressinin clinical use. Increased sensibility and receptor population for vasoconstrictor endogenous molecules could explain diabetic populations tendency to develop arterial hypertension. Our results suggest that epinephrine is more potent than felypressin and both vasoconstrictors presents reduced effects on diabetic and hypertensive patients, what reinforces vasoconstrictor associated with local anesthetic use in this population.(AU)

Advantages of anterior inferior alveolar nerve block with felypressin-propitocaine over conventional epinephrine-lidocaine: an efficacy and safety study.

BACKGROUND: Conventional anesthetic nerve block injections into the mandibular foramen risk causing nerve damage. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the anterior technique (AT) of inferior alveolar nerve block using felypressin-propitocaine with a conventional nerve block technique (CT) using epinephrine and lidocaine for anesthesia via the mandibular foramen. METHODS: Forty healthy university students with no recent dental work were recruited as subjects and assigned to two groups: right side CT or right side AT. Anesthesia was evaluated in terms of success rate, duration of action, and injection pain. These parameters were assessed at the first incisor, premolar, and molar, 60 min after injection. Chi-square and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons, with a P value of < 0.05 designating significance. RESULTS: The two nerve block techniques generated comparable success rates for the right mandible, with rates of 65% (CT) and 60% (AT) at both the first molar and premolar, and rates of 60% (CT) and 50% (AT) at the lateral incisor. The duration of anesthesia using the CT was 233 ± 37 min, which was approximately 40 min shorter than using the AT. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Injection pain using the AT was rated as milder compared with the CT. This difference was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The AT is no less successful than the CT for inducing anesthesia, and has the added benefits of a significantly longer duration of action and significantly less pain.

Advantages of anterior inferior alveolar nerve block with felypressin-propitocaine over conventional epinephrine-lidocaine: an efficacy and safety study

BACKGROUND: Conventional anesthetic nerve block injections into the mandibular foramen risk causing nerve damage. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the anterior technique (AT) of inferior alveolar nerve block using felypressin-propitocaine with a conventional nerve block technique (CT) using epinephrine and lidocaine for anesthesia via the mandibular foramen. METHODS: Forty healthy university students with no recent dental work were recruited as subjects and assigned to two groups: right side CT or right side AT. Anesthesia was evaluated in terms of success rate, duration of action, and injection pain. These parameters were assessed at the first incisor, premolar, and molar, 60 min after injection. Chi-square and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical comparisons, with a P value of < 0.05 designating significance. RESULTS: The two nerve block techniques generated comparable success rates for the right mandible, with rates of 65% (CT) and 60% (AT) at both the first molar and premolar, and rates of 60% (CT) and 50% (AT) at the lateral incisor. The duration of anesthesia using the CT was 233 ± 37 min, which was approximately 40 min shorter than using the AT. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Injection pain using the AT was rated as milder compared with the CT. This difference was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The AT is no less successful than the CT for inducing anesthesia, and has the added benefits of a significantly longer duration of action and significantly less pain.

Felipressina aumenta pressão arterial durante procedimento odontológico em pacientes hipertensos / Felypressin increases blood pressure during dental procedures in hypertensive patients

FUNDAMENTO: A felipressina foi adicionada ao anestésico local para aumentar a duração do efeito anestésico e reduzir a toxicidade nos procedimentos dentários. No entanto, o efeito sobre a pressão arterial é incerta, e isso pode ser altamente relevante no tratamento dentário de pacientes hipertensos. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da felipressina sobre a pressão arterial em pacientes hipertensos com pressão arterial controlada. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 71 indivíduos com essas características e com necessidade de tratamento periodontal. Após 10 minutos de repouso, a anestesia local (prilocaína) foi infiltrada com e sem adição de felipressina. Em seguida, uma raspagem subgengival profunda foi realizada. A pressão arterial foi medida por um equipamento oscilométrico automático (DIXTAL DX2010). Dez minutos após a administração do anestésico, o pico de ação anestésica foi gravado. O Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) foi utilizado para avaliar o traço de ansiedade nos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A pressão arterial sistólica aumentou após a anestesia, independentemente da associação com felipressina, durante todo o procedimento dentário (p < 0,05), e essa resposta pode ser explicada, pelo menos em parte, pelos níveis de traço de ansiedade dos indivíduos. No entanto, um aumento adicional na pressão arterial diastólica foi observado quando a prilocaína foi associada a felipressina (p < 0,05), mas essa resposta não se alterou com os níveis de traço de ansiedade. CONCLUSÃO: A felipressina aumentou a pressão arterial diastólica de pacientes hipertensos com pressão arterial controlada. Pacientes com traço de ansiedade elevado apresentaram aumento na pressão arterial sistólica em alguns procedimentos, sugerindo que um aumento da pressão arterial também pode estar relacionado ao medo ou à ansiedade.

BACKGROUND: Felypressin has been added to local anesthetic to increase the length of the anesthetic effect and reduce toxicity during dental procedures. However, the effect on blood pressure remains uncertain, and this may be highly relevant in the dental treatment of hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of felypressin on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with controlled BP. METHODS: 71 subjects with these characteristics and in need of periodontal treatment were studied. After 10 minutes of rest, local anesthesia (prilocaine) was infiltrated with and without addition of felypressin. Then, a deep subgingival scaling was performed. Blood pressure was measured by an automated oscillometric device (DIXTAL DX2010). Ten minutes after the administration of the anesthetic, peak anesthetic action was recorded. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess the patients' trait anxiety. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased after anesthesia, regardless of association with felypressin, throughout the dental procedure (p<0.05) and this response can be explained, at least in part, by the trait anxiety levels of the subjects. However, a further increase in diastolic blood pressure was observed when prilocaine was associated with felypressin (p<0.05), but this response did not change with trait anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: Felypressin increased the diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure. Patients with high trait anxiety presented increases in systolic blood pressure upon some procedures, suggesting that an increase in blood pressure might also be related to fear or anxiety.

Avaliação dos efeitos da injeção intravascular de drogas vasoconstritoras, presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais, sobre a pressão arterial e glicemia de ratos normotensos, diabéticos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um clip (1R-1C) e 1R / Blood pressure and glycemic evaluation levels after intravenous injection of adrenaline and felypressin in normotensive, diabetic, 1K-1C hypertensive and 1K-1C hypertensive-diabetic rats

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo associar modelos indutivos de diabetes e hipertensão, analisar e comparar o efeito de agentes vasoconstritores presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais, injetados por via intravenosa nas doses de 80, 160, 320, 640 e 1280ng (adrenalina) ou 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 3 x10-3UI (felipressina), sobre a pressão arterial de ratos normotensos, diabéticos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um clip (1R-1C) e hipertensos1R-1C-diabéticos, além de verificar a glicemia após injeção de doses correspondentes a 20 e 80% da resposta pressora máxima. Ratos Wistar machos pesando 110-160g, foram anestesiados com mistura de quetamina e xilazina (50+10mg/ml/kg de peso), tiveram seu abdômen aberto e receberam um clip de prata com abertura 0,25mm na artéria renal esquerda, removendo-se cirurgicamente o rim direito (ratos 1R-1C). Após 14 dias, receberam injeção subcutânea de estreptozotocina (50 e 60mg/kg de peso) para indução do diabetes mellitus sendo a glicemia testada pela veia caudal previamente aos experimentos (diabéticos). Após 28 dias da implantação do clip, todos os grupos foram novamente anestesiados e implantaram-se cânulas de polietileno (PE-50) na artéria carótida esquerda e veia jugular direita, para registro direto da pressão arterial e injeção de drogas, respectivamente. Animais controle sofreram cirurgia sem implantação do clip (normotensos). O cateter arterial foi conectado ao sistema de registro computadorizado (PowerLab®) utilizando software específico (Chart 5Pro®). A pressão arterial registrada durante os primeiros 5 minutos foi considerada como valor basal. Analisaram-se: a integral da resposta, menor resposta hipotensora, maior resposta hipertensora, duração e intervalo de tempo para atingir respostas máxima e mínima, em todos os grupos, para cada dose injetada dos dois vasoconstritores. No dia seguinte, foi medida a glicemia inicial e após a injeção das doses de 160 e 640ng (adrenalina) ou 0,25 e 2 x10-3UI (felipressina)...

The present study was designed to induce arterial hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus, analyze and compare the effects of vasoconstrictors drugs, presents in anesthetic cartridge, injected by intravenous route (IV), in doses of 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280ng (epinephrine) or 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 3x10-3UI (felypressin) on arterial pressure (AP) of normotensive, diabetic, one-kidney,one-clip (1K-1C) hypertensive and 1K-1C hypertensive-diabetic rats. The blood glucose levels were determined after IV injection of both drugs in doses that produced 20 and 80% of maximal pressure response. Male Wistar rats weighing 110-160g were anesthetized with a ketamine and xylazine mixture (50+10mg/ml/kg de peso). After abdominal incision, a silver clip with 0.25-mm gap was implanted in the main left renal artery and right kidney was removed (1K-1C rats). Fourteen days after, some animals received subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin (50 and 60mg/kg weight) to induce diabetes mellitus. Tail blood glucose was tested before experiments (diabetics rats). Four weeks after clip implantation all rats were anesthetized again and a catheter (PE50) was inserted into the left carotid artery and right jugular vein, respectively to obtain a direct arterial pressure register and to inject drugs. Control groups were submitted to surgery procedures without clip installation (normotensive). The arterial catheter was then connected to the transducer and to the computer register system (PowerLab®) using a Chart 5 Pro® software. The AP registered in the first five minutes was considered as a basal value. The following parameters were registered: integral of complete response, minimal hypotensive response, maximal hypertensive response, response length (duration) and duration of time to attain maximum and minimum responses, in all animals groups, to every injected dose of both vasoconstrictor drugs. In the next day blood glucose levels were determined initially and after...

Estudo dos efeitos da injeção intravascular de drogas vasoconstrictoras, presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais, sobre a pressão arterial de ratos normotensos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um clip (1R-1C) e 1R-1C tratados com atenolol / Pressure effects of vasoconstrictors in normotensive, 1K-1C hypertensive and 1K-1C rats treated with atenolol

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar e comparar o efeito de agentes vasoconstrictores presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais, injetados por via intravenosa nas doses de 80, 160, 320, 640 e 1280 ng (adrenalina) ou 0.5, 1, 2, 3 e 4 UI (felipressina), sobre a pressão arterial de ratos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um clip (1R-1C) e 1R-1C tratados com atenolol, comparando com animais nomotensos de mesmo peso e lote. Ratos Wistar machos pesando 150g, foram anestesiados com mistura de igual quantidade de quetamina e xilazina (1mL da mistura/kg), tiveram seu abdômen aberto e receberam um clip de prata com abertura 0,25mm na artéria renal esquerda, removendo-se cirurgicamente o rim direito (ratos 1R-1C). Alguns desses animais, depois de 14 dias, tiveram sua pressão sistólica indireta registrada pela pletsmografia de cauda e começaram a receber tratamento com atenolol (90 mg/kg/dia) por gavage (1R-1C tratados). Após 28 dias da implantação do clip, todos os grupos foram novamente anestesiados e implantaram-se cânulas de polietileno (PE-50) na artéria carótida esquerda e veia jugular direita, para registro direto da pressão arterial e injeção de drogas, respectivamente. Animais de mesmo lote e peso serviram como controle (normotensos). O catéter arterial foi então conectadas ao sistema de registro computadorizado (PowerLab®) utilizando software específico (Chart 5Pro ®). A pressão arterial (PA) e frequência cardíaca (FC) registradas durante os primeiros 5 minutos, foram consideradas como valores basais. Analisaram-se: a menor resposta hipotensora, maior resposta hipertensora, freqüência cardíaca média e duração da resposta, nos três grupos de animais, para cada dose injetada dos dois vasoconstrictores. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Holm-Sidak ou de Mann-Whitney, quando apropriado, a um nível de significância de 5%. A felipressina, ao contrário da adrenalina, não apresentou ação...

The present study was designed to analyze and compare the effects of some vasoconstrictors, injected by intravenous route in the doses of 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280 ng (epinephrine) or 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 IU (felypressin) upon the arterial pressure of normotensive, 1K-1C hypertensive and 1K-1C rats treated with atenolol. Male Wistar rats weighting 150g were anesthetized with a mixture of equal proportion of ketamine and xylazine by intraperitonial injection (1mL/kg) and 1K1C hypertension was surgically induced by means of partial constriction of the main left renal artery with a silver clip with a 0.25-mm gap. The right kidney was surgically removed. Fourteen days after surgical procedures arterial pressure (AP) was indirectly measured (tail cuff method) to monitor the development of hypertension. Only 1K1C rats with AP more than 150mm Hg were included in the protocol and received by gavage (1mL/d), for the next 14 days, atenolol (90 mg/kg/day). The treatments were carried out always between 8 and 9 AM. Four weeks after the surgical procedure all rats were anesthetized again with the same mixture and a catheter (PE50) was inserted into the left carotid artery and right jugular vein, respectively to obtain a AP register and to inject drugs. The arterial catheter was then connect to the transducer and to computer register system (PowerLab®) using a Chart 5 Pro® software. The AP and heart rate (HR) registered in the first five minutes were considered basal values. The following parameters were registered: minimal hypotensive response, maximal hypertensive response, mean HR and response lenght (duration), in all animals groups, to every injected dose of epinephrine and felypressin. The data were analyzed by two ways repeated measures ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak or Mann-Whitney test, when appropriated. The significance level was 5%. Epinephrine, but not felypressin, presents some hypotensive action with the lowest doses. However, both of them present...